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Captive insurance: what to evaluate before you form one

A captive is an insurance company owned by the business, or group of businesses, whose risks it insures. The owner keeps a defined layer of risk inside a licensed vehicle it controls, rather than transferring all of it to the commercial market.

An insurer owned by the businesses it insures, used to retain and finance a defined layer of their own risk.

Comparing the main captive routes

The structure decides who you share results with and how much control you keep. These are typical patterns; the legal form and terms depend on the domicile and the program documents.

FactorSingle-parent captiveGroup captiveProtected cell
Who owns the insurerYour organizationSeveral member companiesA sponsor; you use a cell (or own an incorporated cell where the law allows)
Whose losses affect youOnly your ownYours, plus other members’ through any shared layerYour cell’s, if segregation holds under the domicile’s law
Control over wording and claimsHighShared through the group’s governanceWithin the sponsor’s rules
Capital and set-upFull license, capital and service team of your ownMember capital or collateral; shared running costsCell funding and collateral; sponsor fees
LeavingYou decide, subject to run-off of past claimsExit terms and any continuing liability set by the programSet by the cell agreement and regulator approval

An actuary usually comes first, to test whether the numbers work; a captive manager, counsel and the domicile regulator follow once a structure is chosen.

Benefits and limitations

Potential benefits

  • Premium for the retained layer pays for your own losses and costs rather than a commercial insurer's margin on that layer.
  • More control over policy wording, claims handling and program design.
  • Your claims and exposure data held in a structure you govern.
  • A route to reinsurance markets for risk above the retained layer.

Key considerations and limitations

  • A captive is a licensed insurer: it needs capital, a board, regulatory filings, audited accounts and, typically, an annual actuarial opinion on reserves.
  • Many domiciles require an approved local captive manager, and running costs are largely fixed whatever the premium.
  • Retained losses, including a bad year, fall on the captive and ultimately on its owner.
  • Capital and collateral are committed to the vehicle, and its tax treatment depends on facts that need specialist advice.

Is this relevant to me?

When it may be worth exploring

  • Premium on the candidate lines is large enough that fixed running costs are a modest share of it.
  • Loss history on those lines is credible and better than the market price assumes.
  • You can fund a poor year and want control over wording, claims and data, not just a lower price.
  • Someone internally will own the governance of a regulated insurer.

When it may not fit

  • The program is small relative to the fixed cost of capital, licensing and management.
  • Losses are volatile or catastrophic, so the retained layer cannot be reserved with confidence.
  • There is no appetite to fund claims from your own balance sheet.
  • No one is resourced to oversee a licensed insurer and its filings.

How Captive Insurance is usually implemented

  1. Step 1: Gather loss and exposure data — several years of claims by accident year, gross of deductibles, with current limits and premiums.
  2. Step 2: Choose candidate lines — usually predictable exposures where your experience is better than the price you pay.
  3. Step 3: Commission feasibility work — an actuary projects losses and the capital the retained layer needs.
  4. Step 4: Compare structures and domiciles — single-parent, group or cell routes, and each jurisdiction's capital, governance and filing rules.
  5. Step 5: Price the whole program — capital, management, actuarial, audit, legal, fronting, collateral and premium taxes against the commercial alternative over several years.
  6. Step 6: Decide and record the reasoning — a study that concludes against a captive is still useful, because it sets the baseline you can revisit.

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Oct 20, 2026How are these providers ranked?

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